{"id":2117,"date":"2025-08-19T14:26:06","date_gmt":"2025-08-19T12:26:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.witczak.pl\/?page_id=2117"},"modified":"2026-04-18T20:44:26","modified_gmt":"2026-04-18T18:44:26","slug":"prawo-nadwyzki-ekonomicznej","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/witczak.pl\/en\/prawo-nadwyzki-ekonomicznej\/","title":{"rendered":"Law of economic surplus"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n
\n

An attempt to discover the law of economic surplus in functioning systems (SD)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n

\n
\n\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/td>\n

Witczak Hubert, The law of economic surplus in action systems<\/strong>, Research Papers in Economics and Finance, 2025, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 81-102.

\n\n

The full text of the publication is available:
\n\u2013 ResearchGate<\/strong><\/a>
\n\u2013 Academia.edu<\/strong><\/a>
\n\u2013 Magazine page<\/strong><\/a>
\n\u2013 Google Scholar<\/strong><\/a>
\n\u2013 DOI<\/strong><\/a>
\n\n

This paper is an attempt to define the law of economic surplus (ES) in action systems (AS). Categories similar to ES are studied in particular by economics, praxeology (forms of efficiency) and management sciences. These sciences attribute the long-term success or failure of AS to various sources, but not directly\/mainly to ES. Profit\/loss, as forms of positive or negative ES respectively, can be a source of success\/failure of AS. These, in turn, have their own sources and conditions.\nSo far, it has been assumed that profit need not be the guiding principle for the management of any (all) AS. None of the scientific theoretical concepts make claims that recognise and solve the broader problem of the sources of longevity of any (all) AS. I try to offer a solution using a praxeological and systemic approach, prognostic-diagnostic methodology and hypothetical-deductive reasoning.\nI argue that the most important source of longevity is ES. The efficiency of the AS must always be greater than that required to repeat the cycle of action at the initial level and to make the necessary changes. Over the long term, a surplus must be achieved by any (all) AS. (...)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pr\u00f3ba odkrycia prawa nadwy\u017cki ekonomicznej w systemach dzia\u0142aj\u0105cych (SD) Witczak Hubert, The law of economic surplus in action systems, Research Papers in Economics and Finance, 2025, vol. 9, nr 1, s. 81-102. Pe\u0142en tekst publikacji jest dost\u0119pny: – Researchgate – Academia.edu – strona czasopisma – Google Scholar – DOI This paper is an attempt to…
Read more<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2117","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/witczak.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2117","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/witczak.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/witczak.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witczak.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witczak.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2117"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/witczak.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2117\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2288,"href":"https:\/\/witczak.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2117\/revisions\/2288"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/witczak.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2117"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}